George Orwell s Brave New World, 1984, And King Lear

Power and Control is presented in various ways in Brave New World, 1984, and King Lear. The ways in which the omnipresent governments in 1984 and Brave New World deploy power and control draw significant areas of comparison to each other, as well as contrasting to the presentation of power and control in King Lear. Various methods are utilised in order to exercise power and control in 1984, King Lear, and Brave New World. â€Å"Hypnopaedia† is employed in Brave New World as a method of mass control. Infants are conditioned through Hypnopaedia into their â€Å"social castes†. The Director tells a group of students in the hatcheries that â€Å"we also predestine and condition. We decant our babies as socialised human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers or future Directors of Hatcheries†. The use of ‘predestine’ here elicits a frightening paradox: in effect the hatcheries are manufacturing the destiny of its civilians. Destiny, by definition, is the predetermined future of a living organism, yet their use of negative reinforcement during hypnopaedia alters this, so that in effect, the world state is deciding the future of the humans. The professor â€Å"triumphantly† demonstrates this by revealing the Delta infants observing â€Å"Books and loud noises, flowers and electric shocks†. Their aim is to change their natural associations of flowers with calm, serene images and substitute them with pain and terror. Reaffirming their control over them as they now grow up with â€Å"what the

Twentieth Century is the Cancer Century - 1801 Words

The twentieth century has often been called the cancer century. This is because more than a hundred types of cancer have been discovered in this century, and secondly, because enormous medical efforts have been made to fight all kinds of cancer throughout the world. In the early decades of the twentieth century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease. Although some cancers are still fatal, medical therapy has developed significantly over the years so that most cancers can be treated and cured. After decades of struggling to treat various cancers, doctors are now becoming more aware of the causes of these diseases, how they can be treated, and what can be done to prevent them. Cancer is a disease that is characterized by an â€Å"controlled growth and spread of abnormal cells† (What is Cancer?: American Cancer Society). When such a growth takes place, the cancer cells form a tumor from which cells will invade the neighboring tissues and organs. Some of these cells may even travel through the blood or other means to attack other organs and tissues in the body, this is called metastasis (Medline Plus: Metastasis). Different cancers have claimed several million lives over the years. In the 1980s, more than 4.5 million people died in the United States alone from cancer. As time goes by, more and more people get affected by cancer. In the past few years, nine million people developed cancers, and today there are more than 12 million people in the United States receivingShow MoreRelatedThe Unethical Approach to Immortality: the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks768 Words   |  4 PagesClint Stoeck Professor Kelly History 1302 19 October 2012 HeLa: The Unethical Approach to Immortality Henrietta Lacks is, one of the greatest contributors medical science and research in the past century. Albeit, she never knew of her contribution. 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Commercial and Corporation Business Law †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Whether Ringo would be successful in recovering the claims of $6,000 as rent in arrear from Elena, or not? Whether or not Albert is under the obligation to pay the promised sum to George? Whether or not Albert has any remedies under the contract law? Which business structure is the most suitable for Harry, based on the facts given in the case study? Answers: 1.Misrepresentation is amongst one of the vitiating factors under a contract, the presence of which gives the aggrieved party an option to rescind the contract. In cases of misrepresentation, one party is induced or forced into getting into the contract and this allows the contract voidable at the option of the uncured party (Mulcahy, 2008). In Smith v Land and House Property Corp (1884) 28 Ch D 7, the claimant had purchased a hotel and one of the tenants had been described as being the most desirable one by the seller. This was done even when the seller was aware of the fact that the tenants rent was outstanding and that he was on the verge of being declared a bankrupt. The court held that this was a statement of fact and not a statement of opinion, owing to fact that the seller was in such a position to have known these facts (E-Law Resources, 2017a). In the case of Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177, the statement was made regarding the estimate that the land would carry two thousand sheep. Relying upon this statement, the land was purchased by the claimant and when this estimate turned wrong, an action for misrepresentation was brought to the court. The court held that this was not a statement of fact, but merely an opinion and so, the action for misrepresentation could not be upheld (E-Law Resources, 2017b). And as a case of fraudulent misrepresentation was found to be present in Car Universal Credit v Caldwell [1964] 2 WLR 600, Caldwell was allowed to rescind the contract (E-Law Resources, 2017c). Another crucial concept under the contract law is promissory estoppel. Promissory estoppel is a doctrine of estoppel, based on which, the individuals are estopped from going back on a promise made by them to another party, where the other party relied upon the promise which had been made. On the basis of this concept, an individual is stopped from making a u-turn on the promise which has not been supported by consideration (Blum, 2007). In order to show that a case of promissory estoppel is present, there is a need to show that there was a pre-existing contractual obligation which had been amended. This has to be coupled with the clarity in the unambiguous promise and a resulting change of position. Lastly, it has to be inequitable to permit the promisor to take back the promise which had been made (Helewitz, 2010). Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130 or otherwise known as the High Trees case is the one where this concept was born as an obiter statement. In this case, the trust had given a block of flats on rent to High Trees for a sum of 2,500 as ground rent. Owing to the war time, the flats remained vacant and a decision was reached between the parties to reduce the rent by 50%. When the war got over, the trust asked for management of the full rent. This was allowed by the court (Atkins, 2015). However, Denning J did not stop here and stated in his obiter statement that in case the trust had applied for the full rent for the period from which it was reduced, instead of the full rent from the period when the war got over, the trust would have failed in their action. This was due to the reliance made by High Trees on the changed promise and the doctrine of promissory estoppel (Mitchell and Mitchell, 2008). Application In the given case study, Ringo approached Elena to see if she would be interested in getting his prime location store. In order to get her to lease the store, he stated that a range of brands had signed the long term lease and this included different high end fashion shops and even a cinema. On hearing this and the fact that Ringo would do the fitout for her, she decided to enter into a 5 year-lease at $3000 for each week. However, she later discovered that the claims made by Ringo were all false and that in reality no leases had been signed with big brand and that the cinema construction was delayed by a year. Based on these facts, she can make a claim of misrepresentation against Ringo. For this, the case of Smith v Land and House Property Corp proves helpful. Ringo was in a position to know that the cinema construction was delayed and that the leases with big brands had not been done. So, based on this case, Ringo would be guilty of misrepresentation. Also, when the facts of this case are compared to the case of Bisset v Wilkinson, it becomes clear that unlike the latter case, the statement here was of fact and not opinion. And so, on the basis of Car Universal Credit v Caldwell, Elena would be able to get the lease rescinded owing to the misrepresentation of Ringo. Ringo on hearing that Elena was considering the termination of lease claimed the reduced rent. However, he would not be successful owing to the principle of promissory estoppel. A promise had been made here to change the preexisting obligation. There was clarity to decrease the rent by $1,000 and this would result in changed position of both Ringo and Elena. Also, if Ringo is allowed to go back on the promise, it would be inequitable for Elena as Ringo was already giving lease at half the rates to new businesses. Applying the obiter statement given in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd, Ringo would not be allowed to go back on his promise. Hence, it can be concluded that owing to the misrepresentation of Ringo, Elena will be successful in getting the lease terminated and the applicability of promissory estoppel would stop Ringo from claiming the reduced rent as rent in arrears. 2.In order to form a contract, a promise has to be made between two or more parties, where one side pays consideration and other party does something based on the promise which has been made (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). For creating a contract, there have to be certain essential elements for creating a contract. These include offer, acceptance, denoting the agreement, followed by intent, consideration, legality, capacity and lastly, genuine consent (Ayres and Klass, 2012). Genuine consent is a major condition for forming a contract, which denotes that the parties have entered into the contract with their free will and in a free manner. Different factors can affect the presence of genuine consent in a contract and these include duress, mistake, undue influence, misrepresentation, and unconscionability (Turner, 2014). Unconscionability can be shown when a party is at a special disadvantage while the other party is dealt with, due to different reasons like impaired facilities, inexperience, ignorance, illness, financial needs or the other situations and it can affect the ability of looking after the interest of the second person (McKendrick and Liu, 2015). For establishing this, it has to be shown that dominating party had the knowledge regarding the weaker partys disability, and was also having the knowledge regarding the presence of an opportunity, through which an advantage can be taken for creating a contract with the weaker party by the dominating party. So, through this concept, the dominating party can take unfair advantage of the weaker party. When unconscionability can be shown to the satisfaction of the court, the aggrieved party can get the contract rescinded (Emanuel, 2006). Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447; [1983] HCA 14 is one of the cases where unconscionability was established. In this case, the business debt of the son of an elderly Italian migrant couple was guaranteed by the couple to the Commercial Bank (Swarb, 2017). When the mortgage was being executed, the bank manager had the knowledge of the precarious financial position of the son and was also aware that Amadios could not speak proper English. Yet they were not informed about this and the bank even did not explain the entire situation to them nor did they suggest the Amadios to get an independent advice. Owing to these reasons, the court upheld that there was unconscionability in the conduct of the Commercial Bank (Australian Contract Law, 2013). A contract can be discharged in different manners, one of which is the termination of contract. When one of the parties under the contract, fails to perform their side of obligation under the contract, the aggrieved party, which is the non-breaching party, can make a claim against the breaching party for a breach of contract. And in such cases, the remedies can be applied by the aggrieved party, which are in the form of equitable remedies and the monetary remedies (Andrews, 2015). Application In the given case study, the elements of unconscionability in the conduct of George can easily be seen. George full well knew that Albert had poor English and that he did not have the correct knowledge of which plan was best for him. This is very clear from statement made by Albert to George that he should be told the best suited plan and that he wanted only something which was cheap and small. The position of George was such that he dominated in the relationship which was between him and Albert. Even then, George suggested him the plan which was the most expensive one, stating that this was the cheapest plan. Based on the case of Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio, the taking of advantage on part of George, of the weaker position of Albert shows the unconscionability of George. Owing to these reasons, the contract can be rescinded by George; and in such a case, Albert would not be required to pay anything to George. In this case, when Albert refuses to undertake his part of the obligation a claim can be made against him by George for the breach of contract as Albert refuses to pay his part of promise, i.e., the consideration amount. However, in such case, Albert can highlight the lack of quality in the work which has been done by George. Even after he promised to undertake quality work, he did not discharge his side of the promise in the promised manner. And owing to these reasons, the claim of George would fail. Hence, Albert would not to be required to pay the promised sum to George. The remedies which can be applied by Albert would include the amount which he had to get the work properly done by another party. This can be claimed in addition to the amount which he had to pay to the consultancy firm. And lastly, even the cost of renting the apartment can be claimed by Albert. So, he would get a sum of $75,000 for fixing the slab, a sum of $75,000 for consultancy firm, and a sum of $360,000 ($300 per week for 12 weeks), which would mean a total sum of $510,000 can be claimed by Albert as the remedies for the unconscionability in the conduct of George. Further, he can also claim that he amount claimed by George, to the sum of $250,000 is not required to be paid to Albert due to the unconscionability in the conduct of George and the work being done at subpar quality. Hence, on the basis of discussion which has been carried above, it is clear that there was unconscionability in the conduct of George. Due to these reasons, Albert is under the obligation to pay the promised sum to George and can also get the contract rescinded, apart from claiming damages for the breach of contract in maintaining quality work on part of George, which would be a sum of $510,000. 3.In Australia, there are different forms of business structure in which the business can be run and operated. This includes sole trader, partnership, trust and company. Making the choice of business structure is a crucial decision as each structure comes with its own characteristics and restrictions (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). In a partnership form of business structure, there is an association or a group of people who come together for a common purpose of running the business of the firm and where the profits are distributed between them in an equal manner. In Australia, each jurisdiction has its own Partnership Act, which is applicable on the partnerships of that region. So, for instance, in New South Wales, the Partnership Act 1892 is applicable and in Victoria, the Partnership Act 1958 is applicable (Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 2017). The setting up and operating of partnership is quite inexpensive in comparison to the other business structures. In a partnership, the income and losses are shared, along with the control of the business. It is not obligatory to draw up a partnership deed for the partnership to exist; though, it helps in removing any ambiguities which can be raised in the future. The partnership deed contains the details on the manner of distribution of profits and los ses and also the manner of control over the business. Under partnership, the partners are not deemed as the employees; however, workers can be employed in it (Australian Taxation Office, 2017a). There are various strengths and weaknesses in a partnership form of business structure. The strengths include: More skill set in comparison to a sole proprietorship due to two heads being better in comparison to a single one; The startup costs are low and the business is easy to establish; Availability of higher capital in comparison to sole proprietorship; Availability of higher borrowing capacity; Employees with high caliber can be made partners; The income and losses can be spilt, which results in tax savings, which is not possible in sole proprietorship; The business affairs of the partners are private; There is also a limit on the external regulations; The legal structure of the firm can also be changed in desired circumstances (Tasmanian Government, 2017a). However, all is not good in partnership form of business, and there are quite a few weaknesses in this business form. These have been summarized below: The biggest drawback of partnership is unlimited liability of all the partners. This means that in case of any loss, the partners are severally and jointly liable for the debts of the partnership. And in order to pay the debts of the company, the personal property of the company can be used to discharge these debts. There can be cases where there is friction or disagreement between the management and the partner; The partners are deemed as agents of the partnership and for their actions, all the other partners are liable; In case a partner decides to leave or join, the partnership has to be revalued, which proves to be a costly affair (Tasmanian Government, 2017a). Moving on to the other famous form of business structure, company, it is leading choice of business structure in the nation. A company has the status of a separate legal entity, which means that is different from the people who run it. The setting up company is a costly affair and also has a number of reporting requirements, which are not present in the other forms of business structures. The Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) is applicable on all the companies formed in the nation and are governed by the ASIC, i.e., Australian Securities and Investments Commission (Cassidy, 2006). The directors of the company run the company, which is owned by the shareholders. Broadly, there are two types of companies in the nation, i.e., the proprietary limited company and the public companies. The proprietary limited companies are not allowed to raise money from the general public; though it can still issue shares and the public companies, do not have such restriction (Australian Taxation Office, 2017b ). The company form of business also has different strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of the company include: The shareholders have a limited liability; The ownership can be easily transferred by selling the shares of the company to another party; The shareholders can also be employed by the company; The companies can freely trade in the nation; The rates of taxation are quite favorable; A wider skill and capital base can be accessed in this structure (Tasmanian Government, 2017b). As is with any other business structure form, the companies also have certain weaknesses, which have been summarized below: The maintenance, establishment and even the winding up of the company is a very costly affair; There are a range of compliances which have to be followed and which complicates the entire process specially for such individuals who work in sole proprietorship form; The financial affairs of the company are a public matter; The directors of the company can also be made liable in personal capacity, where they fail in keeping their lawful obligations; The profit which is distributed amongst the shareholders is taxed (Tasmanian Government, 2017b). A trust is also amongst the business structures which can be adopted in the nation. In this, a trustee is given the responsibility for the operation of trust. However, this business structure is not often selected by the individuals owing to its complexities (Australian Taxation Office, 2017c). In the facts of the case study, it is clear for Harry that he wants to raise capital for his business and also wants to retain control over the businesss direction, along with keeping the right employees. Based on these requirements, a partnership form of business structure is best suited for Harry as he can raise capital by adding partners, hire the right employees and by stating in the partnership deed that he has the absolute control over the direction of the business, can retain the control. This would not be possible in a company business structure, as the company runs for the shareholders of the company and the control is with directors, which includes executive and independent directors. So, even though higher capital can be raised in company business form, the control over the direction of the business would have to be shared. Further, even a proprietary company would not suit him as he does not have close family members, through whom he can raise the required capital. On the basis of this discussion, it can be concluded that harry should opt for a partnership form of business. References Andrews, N. (2015) Contract Law. 2nd ed. UK: Cambridge University Press Atkins, S. (2015) Equity and Trusts. 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Australian Contract Law. (2013) Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/amadio.html [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Australian Taxation Office. (2017a) Partnership. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/Partnership/ [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Australian Taxation Office. (2017b) Company. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/Company/ [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Australian Taxation Office. (2017c) Trust. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/Trust/ [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Ayres, I., and Klass, G. (2012) Studies in Contract Law. 8th ed. New York: Foundation Press Blum, B.A. (2007) Contracts: Examples Explanations. 4th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers. Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Clarke, P., and Clarke, J (2016) Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. (2017) Partnership. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.business.gov.au/Info/Plan-and-Start/Start-your-business/Business-structure/Business-structures-and-types/Partnership [Accessed on: 08/08/17] E-Law Resources. (2017a) Smith v Land and House Property Corp (1884) 28 Ch D 7. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Smith-v-Land-and-House-Property-Corp.php [Accessed on: 08/08/17] E-Law Resources. (2017b) Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177 Privy Council. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Bisset-v-Wilkinson.php [Accessed on: 08/08/17] E-Law Resources. (2017c) Car Universal Credit v Caldwell [1964] 2 WLR 600. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Car--and--Universal-Credit-v-Caldwell.php [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Emanuel, S. (2006) Contracts. 8th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers. Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014)Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Helewitz, J.A. (2010) Basic Contract Law for Paralegals. 6th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers. McKendrick, W., and Liu, Q. (2015) Contract Law: Australian Edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Mitchell, C., and Mitchell, P. (2008) Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract. Portland: Hart Publishing. Mulcahy, L. (2008) Contract Law in Perspective. 5th ed. Oxon: Routledge. Swarb. (2017) Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio: 1983. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/commercial-bank-of-australia-ltd-v-amadio-1983/ [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Tasmanian Government. (2017a) Partnership advantages and disadvantages. [Online] Tasmanian Government. Available from: https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/partnership-advantages-and-disadvantages [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Tasmanian Government. (2017b) Company advantages and disadvantages. [Online] Tasmanian Government. Available from: https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/proprietary-company-advantages-and-disadvantages [Accessed on: 08/08/17] Turner, C. (2014) Unlocking Contract Law. 4th ed. Oxon: Routledge.

Social Construction of a Serial Killer Essay Example

Social Construction of a Serial Killer Essay Final Essay: Social Construction of a Serial Killer By: Kristin D. Cole Professor A. Major Deviance and Violence The social construction of a serial killer can consist of many different behaviors, thoughts, and actions that play out over time. A serial killer in my opinion is one who acts out on his or her impulses. Impulses that are usually made up of fantasies that the individual cannot separate from reality. Most serial killers come from abusive homes and experience traumatic events throughout their lives. I believe that due to these events and abuse serial killers can detach their self emotionally from not only their victims but from what society deems normal. â€Å"A large number of serial killings are motivated by sexual urges, and with female serial killers, a large number of the killings are motivated by financial gain† (Hickey 1997, p. 27). There are many different theories and thoughts they may help to explain serial killers and there murders more in depth. For instance the social structure theory, a theory that focuses on individual’s socioeconomic standing. This theory explains that poor people commit crimes to try to further their financial gain along with their economic standing. I think that this theory explains a lot of criminal acts that occur. I do not think that this theory pertains to every serial killer since it has been shown that most serial killers are not motivated by financial gain. I do however think that it explains quite a bit about our female serial killers. Since a large majority of female serial killers are motivated by financial gain this theory falls right in place. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Construction of a Serial Killer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Construction of a Serial Killer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Construction of a Serial Killer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One female serial killer that comes to mind is the â€Å"Black Widow† or Lydia True blood. Lydia was from Pocatello, Idaho and at the age of nineteen met and married land owner Robert C. Dooley. The couple shortly after being married welcomed a baby girl named Lorraine. Everything seemed well until the death of baby Lorraine, soon after her death Lydia’s brother in law who was living with them died as well. Then in October 1915 Robert suddenly died as well from what was believed to be Typhoid. Two years after the death of her baby girl, brother-in-law, and husband Lydia married again. Within a year and a half her then husband William McHaffle died from what was thought to be complications of influenza. Being the quick mover that she is, Lydia at the age of 25, married again. Harlan C. Lewis, husband number three died four months into the marriage from what was suspected to be complications of gastro-enteritis. Next, would come Edward C. Meyer a ranch foreman from Pocatello, Idaho. Unfortunately, for him he would only survive with her for one month. Thankfully after four dead husbands someone finally took notice and tested the body where they found traces of arsenic. After they discovered that Edward was poisoned the rest of the bodies were exhumed and tested as well. All came back with the same answer, poison, even the body of her dead baby girl. Authorities went to arrest Lydia but she was long gone, living in Hawaii with her fifth husband Paul Vincent. Lydia was taken into custody and found guilty of all of the murders. She was sentenced to 10 years to life in prison. All of her killings seemed to be motivated by financial gain. Lydia took out life insurance policies on each and every one of her victims. With each husband her social status increased and so did her finances. This was a case where a girl that came from nothing used murder as a tool to get where she wanted to be. Even though the social structure theory does not cover all serial killers there are the exceptions. (Hickey) Another theory that is looked upon to explain serial killers is the social class theory. The social class theory is the thought that most serial killers fall into two classes the upper working class and the lower working class. Leyton, the author of â€Å"Hunting Humans,† then states â€Å"that the killer starts to feel excluded from the class that he or she so desperately wants to join†. p. 23) Leyton also points out that â€Å"the killer’s perceived social status becomes a catalyst for murder†. The killers that fall into this theory want to feel power and control. This is why in most serial murders the victim is a female and the killer a male. Male serial killers will victimize women because they appear more powerless then other males. (Caputi 1989) I am sure that there are sexual motivations behind male serial killers choosing women as victims to. The social class theory is a theory that I feel describes most serial killers. Even if the cause is not being cast out or excluded from a group, the result is still the same. With most serial killers not all, they seem to prey on the weak. This is why a large amount of victims of serial killings are children, females, even homosexual men. The killer would not receive the same gratification from the killing if he did not feel empowered. I believe with victims such as these they probably begged for their lives or gave in to the killers demands quite quickly. This would give the killer the motivation, gratification, and fulfillment that he or she was searching for. The social process theory is another theory that states that criminal behavior is a function of the socialization process. The theory states that anyone regardless of race or socioeconomic status can partake in criminal activity. This theory explains aggressive criminal behavior through one’s past or childhood. Albert Bandura’s book â€Å"Aggression† (1973) provides a lot of information that covers the social process theory. In earlier studies done by Bandura he noticed that boys that were especially aggressive had feelings of rejection from their fathers. What I gather from this theory is that children who experience violence and abuse within their home are more likely to grow u and act in the capacity. I strongly believe that children are a product of their environment. Even though I know of no father/son team serial killers, the fact that issues have always been handled in one’s life through violence it only makes sense that they would continue that trend into adulthood. The neutralization theory is one the Matza and Sykes (1957) view as the process of delinquent youths becoming criminals as a matter of neutralizing heir personal values and attitudes as they drift between conventional behavior and illegitimate behavior. This theory states that illegal behavior or killing is almost a learned behavior that a killer can drift in and out of. Under this theory a serial killer will justify his killings as though he did a favor to society. An example would be a serial killer who only kills prostitutes. The killer would look at the p rostitutes as a drain on society and criminals who spread disease and have no respect for their selves. This is how the killer would justify his actions and he or she would truly believe that no harm had been done. Dehumanization is another process that serial killers use and falls within this theory. Dehumanization is the process of ridding another of the benefit of his humanity. The process in my understanding is the ability for one to separate a human from life. For instance Henry Lucas who admitted to multiple murders never wanted to know his victims names. If he was told the victim’s name by the victim he would quickly try to forget it. By the victim having a name he could not separate her life from her. It is almost like by her giving her name she had an identity and he would then not be able to commit the murder. This process seems to be a little deeper than the rest to me and has to take a very different mindset to understand. The social control theory is one that I truly agree with. The social control theory states that the fear of punishment is not enough to deter a criminal from committing crimes or for a murderer to not commit murders. Briar and Piliavin (1965) believe that the only true deterrents for any criminal act are society, family, and education. I think that religion might act as a deterrent as well, but that’s me. Reckless (1967) has argued that â€Å"youth can become isolated or insulated from criminal influences through what he terms â€Å"containments,† including a positive self-image; ego strength; high frustration tolerance; goal orientation; a sense of belongingness; consistent moral front; reinforcement of norms, goals, and values; effective supervision; discipline; and a meaningful social role†. Hirschi in 1969 added four different elements to the social control theory. The four elements are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. People who have attachments to different organizations such as school or church are less likely to partake in criminal activity. People who have commitments such as marriage or careers are also less likely to partake in criminal activity. The same runs true with involvement and belief. If someone was involved in different positive activities the less likely they would be to commit a crime. Like I said before religion or belief I would think would be enough to make a person think twice before committing a criminal act or better yet never think about it at all. The labeling theory, the last of many theories that, we have gone over. The labeling theory is the theory that once someone has been in a prison or mental institution they will always carry that label with them. Before they could come out and start over there would be many hurdles that they would have to overcome due to a prior mistake. Lemert (1951) and Schur (1972) viewed negative labels such as â€Å"ex-convict and mental patient† and noted that these labels could be psychological damning. Since these labels can be so hard for many to overcome they will just revert back to their olds criminal ways. Many of them mad at society and feeling unaccepted will look for ways to even the score. Sometimes unfortunately this will lead to murder or worse serial murder. All of these theories that we have explored can relate to one or more serial killers. Hirschi who seems to be coming up with new information and insights into the mind of serial killer just might provide new and innovative information. For right now no matter what serial killer falls under what theory I believe the only way to truly understand the mind of serial killer is to be one. Unfortunately for the many theorists that have study this subject that is an option that is just not available. On the other hand it seems to me that each one of these theories has opened a new door inside the life and mind of a serial killer. I think there will be many more advancements to come and hopefully one day we will truly understand and know what to look for before it occurs. References: 1) Eric W. Hickey (2009) Serial Murderers and Their Victims Published By: Cengage Learning 2) P. Jenkins (1994) Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide Published By: New York: Aldine de Gruyter 3) Hickey, Eric (1997) Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 2nd edition. Belmont, CA: Published By: Wadsworth Read more: Serial Killers world, body, life, history, rate, time, person, Characteristics of Serial Murder, Characteristics of the Serial Killer http://www. deathreference. com/Py-Se/Serial-Killers. html#ixzz0d8Thiofd 4) Levin, Jack, and James A. Fox. Serial Murder. In Deadlines: Essays in Murder and Mayhem. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. 1)

The Reasons Why I Have Chosen the University of Bristol

The Reasons Why I Have Chosen the University of Bristol . This University gives me various opportunities to develop myself personally, professionally, and academically. As for academic development, the University of Bristol provides me with worldwide access to the important literature with the help of the world known university library. One more fact that prompted me to choose the University of Bristol is up to date technologies like computers, projectors, instant internet access that give me the possibility to study in comfortable conditions. I am pleased to study and cooperate with PhD and doctor degree professors who can share their invaluable experience. As for professional development, this university provides their students with the possibility to pass practice at the world known companies and ascertain new possible methods of development by taking part in volunteer exchange programs with the universities all over the world. It also helps students to find appropriate work with the help of university recruitment agency. Taking all this to consideration, I am sure that after graduating from this university I will be well experienced in a sphere of science. As for personal development, I am interested in communicating with students of different cultures and strengthening my weakness being around the group of Asian students. Taking to consideration all the features mentioned above, I can come to the conclusion that this prestigious university gives me all necessary conditions and skills which I can apply to my future life. I will use this experience and be proud to have a status of the student of the University of Bristol.

Jawaharlal Nehru - Indias First Prime Minister

Jawaharlal Nehru - Indias First Prime Minister Early Life On November 14, 1889, a wealthy Kashmiri Pandit lawyer named Motilal Nehru and his wife Swaruprani Thussu welcomed their first baby, a boy they named Jawaharlal. The family lived in Allahabad, at that time in the Northwest Provinces of British India (now Uttar Pradesh). Little Nehru was soon joined by two sisters, both of whom also had illustrious careers. Jawaharlal Nehru was educated at home, first by governesses and then by private tutors. He particularly excelled at science, while taking very little interest in religion. Nehru became an Indian nationalist quite early in life, and was thrilled by Japans victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1905). That event prompted him to dream of Indian freedom and Asiatic freedom from the thraldom of Europe. Education At the age of 16, Nehru went to England to study at the prestigious Harrow School (Winston Churchills alma mater). Two years later, in 1907, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where in 1910 he took an honors degree in natural sciences - botany, chemistry and geology. The young Indian nationalist also dabbled in history, literature and politics, as well as Keynesian economics, during his university days. In October of 1910, Nehru joined the Inner Temple in London to study law, at the insistence of his father. Jawaharlal Nehru was admitted to the bar in 1912; he was determined to take the Indian Civil Service exam  and use his education to fight against discriminatory British colonial laws and policies. By the time he returned to India, he had also been exposed to socialist ideas, which were popular amongst the intellectual class in Britain at the time. Socialism would become one of the foundation stones of modern India under Nehru. Politics and the Independence Struggle Jawaharlal Nehru returned to India in August of 1912, where he began a half-hearted practice of law in the Allahabad High Court. Young Nehru disliked the legal profession, finding it stultifying and insipid. He was much more inspired by the 1912 annual session of the Indian National Congress (INC); however, the INC dismayed him with its elitism. Nehru joined a 1913 campaign led by Mohandas Gandhi, in the start of a decades-long collaboration. Over the next few years, he moved more and more into politics, and away from law. During the First World War (1914-18), most upper-class Indians supported the Allied cause even as they enjoyed the spectacle of Britain humbled. Nehru himself was conflicted, but came down reluctantly on the side of the Allies, more in support of France than of Britain. More than 1 million Indian and Nepalese soldiers fought overseas for the Allies in World War I, and about 62,000 died. In return for this show of loyal support, many Indian nationalists expected concessions from Britain once the war was over, but they were to be bitterly disappointed. Call for Home Rule Even during the war, as early as 1915, Jawaharlal Nehru began to call for Home Rule for India. This meant that India would be a self-governing Dominion, yet still considered a part of the United Kingdom, much like Canada or Australia. Nehru joined the All India Home Rule League, founded by family friend Annie Besant, a British liberal and advocate for Irish and Indian self-rule. The 70-year-old Besant was such a powerful force that the British government arrested and jailed her in 1917, prompting huge protests. In the end, the Home Rule movement was unsuccessful, and it was later subsumed in Gandhis Satyagraha Movement, which advocated complete independence for India. Meanwhile, in 1916, Nehru married Kamala Kaul. The couple had a daughter in 1917, who would later go on to be Prime Minister of India herself under her married name, Indira Gandhi. A son, born in 1924, died after just two days. Declaration of Independence The Indian nationalist movement leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru, hardened their stance against British rule in wake of the horrific Amritsar Massacre in 1919. Nehru was jailed for the first time in 1921 for his advocacy of the non-cooperation movement. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Nehru and Gandhi collaborated ever more closely in the Indian National Congress, each going to prison more than once for civil disobedience actions. In 1927, Nehru issued a call for complete independence for India. Gandhi opposed this action as premature, so the Indian National Congress refused to endorse it. As a compromise, in 1928 Gandhi and Nehru issued a resolution calling for home rule by 1930, instead, with a pledge to fight for independence if Britain missed that deadline. The British government rejected this demand in 1929, so on New Years Eve, at the stroke of midnight, Nehru declared Indias independence and raised the Indian flag. The audience there that night pledged to refuse to pay taxes to the British, and to engage in other acts of mass civil disobedience. Gandhis first planned act of non-violent resistance was a long walk down to the sea to make salt, known as the Salt March or Salt Satyagraha of March 1930. Nehru and other Congress leaders were skeptical of this idea, but it struck a chord with the ordinary people of India and proved a huge success. Nehru himself evaporated some sea water to make salt in April of 1930, so the British arrested and jailed him again for six months. Nehrus Vision for India During the early 1930s, Nehru emerged as the political leader of the Indian National Congress, while Gandhi moved into a more spiritual role. Nehru drafted a set of core principles for India between 1929 and 1931, called the Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy, which was adopted by the All India Congress Committee. Among the rights enumerated were freedom of expression, freedom of religion, protection of regional cultures and languages, abolition of untouchable status, socialism, and the right to vote. As a result, Nehru is often called the Architect of Modern India. He fought hardest for the inclusion of socialism, which many other Congress members opposed. During the later 1930s and early 1940s, Nehru also had almost sole responsibility for drafting the foreign policy of a future Indian nation-state. World War II and the Quit India Movement When the Second World War broke out in Europe in 1939, the British declared war against the Axis on behalf of India, without consulting Indias elected officials. Nehru, after consulting with the Congress, informed the British that India was prepared to support democracy over Fascism, but only if certain conditions were met. The most important was that Britain must pledge that it would grant complete independence to India as soon as the war was over. The British Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, laughed at Nehrus demands. Linlithgow turned instead to the leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad ali Jinnah, who promised military support of Britain from Indias Muslim population in return for a separate state, to be called Pakistan. The mostly-Hindu Indian National Congress under Nehru and Gandhi announced a policy of non-cooperation with Britains war effort in response. When Japan pushed into Southeast Asia, and early in 1942 took control of most of Burma (Myanmar), which was on British Indias eastern doorstep, the desperate British government approached the INC and Muslim League leadership once again for aid. Churchill sent Sir Stafford Cripps to negotiate with Nehru, Gandhi and Jinnah. Cripps could not convince the pro-peace Gandhi to support the war effort for any consideration short of full and prompt independence; Nehru was more willing to compromise, so he and his mentor had a temporary falling-out over the issue. In August of 1942, Gandhi issued his famous call for Britain to Quit India. Nehru was reluctant to pressure Britain at the time since World War II was not going well for the British, but the INC passed Gandhis proposal. In reaction, the British government arrested and imprisoned the entire INC working committee, including both Nehru and Gandhi. Nehru would remain in prison for almost three years, until June 15, 1945. Partition and Prime Ministership The British released Nehru from prison after the war was over in Europe, and he immediately began to play a key role in negotiations over the future of India. Initially, he vigorously opposed plans to divide the country along sectarian lines into a predominantly-Hindu India and a predominantly-Muslim Pakistan, but when bloody fighting broke out between members of the two religions, he reluctantly agreed to the split. After the Partition of India, Pakistan became an independent nation led by Jinnah on August 14, 1947, and India became independent the following day under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru embraced socialism, and was a leader of the international non-aligned movement during the Cold War, along with Nasser of Egypt and Tito of Yugoslavia. As Prime Minister, Nehru instituted wide-spread economic and social reforms that helped India reorganized itself as a unified, modernizing state. He was influential in international politics as well, but could never solve the problem of Kashmir and other Himalayan territorial disputes with Pakistan and with China. Sino-Indian War of 1962 In 1959, Prime Minister Nehru granted asylum to the Dalai Lama and other Tibetan refugees from Chinas 1959 Invasion of Tibet. This sparked tensions between the two Asian superpowers, which already had unsettled claims to the Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh areas in the Himalaya Mountain range. Nehru responded with his Forward Policy, placing military outposts along the disputed border with China, beginning in 1959. On October 20, 1962, China launched a simultaneous attack at two points 1000 kilometers apart along the disputed border with India. Nehru was caught off guard, and India suffered a series of military defeats. By November 21, China felt that it had made its point, and unilaterally ceased fire. It withdrew from its forward positions, leaving the division of land the same as before the war, except that India had been driven from its forward positions across the Line of Control. Indias force of 10,000 to 12,000 troops suffered heavy losses in the Sino-Indian War, with almost 1,400 killed, 1,700 missing, and nearly 4,000 captured by the Peoples Liberation Army of China. China lost 722 killed and about 1,700 wounded. The unexpected war and humiliating defeat profoundly depressed Prime Minister Nehru, and many historians claim that the shock may have hastened his death. Nehrus Death Nehrus party was reelected to the majority in 1962, but with smaller percentages of the vote than before. His health began to fail, and he spent a number of months in Kashmir during 1963 and 1964, trying to recuperate. Nehru returned to Delhi in May of 1964, where he suffered a stroke and then a heart attack on the morning of May 27. He died that afternoon. The Pandits Legacy Many observers expected Parliament member Indira Gandhi to succeed her father, even though he had voiced opposition to her serving as Prime Minister for fear of dynastism. Indira turned down the post at that time, however, and Lal Bahadur Shastri took over as the second prime minister of India. Indira would later become the third prime minister, and her son Rajiv was the sixth to hold that title. Jawaharlal Nehru left behind the worlds largest democracy, a nation committed to neutrality in the Cold War, and a nation developing quickly in terms of education, technology and economics.

The political and economical role of Qatar in the Middle East and the Essay

The political and economical role of Qatar in the Middle East and the Arab world - Essay Example Revamping of the region into a number one country in terms of Gross Domestic product has been ascribed to the oil revenue. Researchers have faced controversies on how they can typify such a small region based on international relations literature and traditional comparative politics. Similarly, Qatar has been identified as a region that is stable due to absence of immediate threats to its political stability and security. Nonetheless, stability is hardly perfect in Qatar. This is exemplified by competition over political powers and internal conflicts in the Al-Thani, the royal family. Forced abdication within the governing families has been identified as the cause of Qatar past leadership transitions of 1949, 1960, and 1995. However, this ruling family has upheld social peace in Qatar for many decades. Several studiers have identified that Qatar has a baffling political stability. Qatar’s branded image has been generated by its diplomatic successes. These include its notable role in hosting major internal events and involvement into peacekeeping programs. As a result, the country has experienced impressive achievements in the economic sector. Economic achievements in this Persian Gulf small peninsula have been contributed by a breathtaking modernization rate of the economic sector. In regards to a survey of the 2008 Qatar per capita income, the annual per capita income was estimated at $ 95, 000 at the current prices. This is ascribed to the abundance of gas and oil in the region. On the other hand, an outdated political system has been another contributing factor. The autocratic state of Qatar has been contributed by consolidation of Shiekh Hamad position within Qatar and the royal family. Silencing of political liberation talks exemplifies this assertion. Comprehension of Qatar’s political dynamics is centered on the religious and tribal structures. This is based on the strong and weak dilemma

Civil Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Civil Rights - Essay Example The government and judicial attitudes towards blacks and other minority group was altered to incorporate the rights of the subjects. Civil rights did not just begin in 1950s,it began when Africans were initially brought to America as slaves. The blacks were the pioneers of the civil rights when fought tirelessly for their enslavement and demanded for their fundamental citizenship rights that was bluntly. This article examines the role and achievements of the civil rights movement. Leaders of the civil rights movement used various strategies to communicate their complaints. Generally, success of the Civil rights Movements were attributed to well coordination of three prong strategy which included civil disobedience, well-articulated grass root organizations and the mass boycotts and economic withdrawal. Some of the strategies used prior to 1955 were litigation and lobbying through the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people between 1896 and 1954. There were powerful combination of gradualism in legal issues and advocacy of far reaching change that was adopted by the initiators of the Brown strategy (Ollhoff, 2011). However, NAACP later employed tactic of directly challenging the constitutionality of â€Å"separate but equal†education.

Change and Culture Essay Example for Free

Change and Culture Essay To adjust to greater competition and pressures of obtaining increased organizational efficiency and cost containment, many organizations have begun to examine strategies related to restructuring and downsizing to maintain organizational viability. These processes have included mergers and acquisitions, and redefining occupational roles of workers within the organization. Consequently, successful management of the structural change process can be daunting and overwhelming if not handled in an organized and thoughtful process. Those who are responsible for the process must recognize the barrier that may be hindrances to conception and implementation of the change process These barriers include: (a) lack of concise and coordinated planning/goals, (b) resistance to change within the organizational workforce, (c) failure to consistently evaluate the progress of the proposed change within context of the entire system, and adjust methodology as necessary. Thus, in order to achieve a balance between achieving organizational goals and addressing the uncertainty that may occur in the workforce, organizational leaders are tasked with the responsibilities of finding creative means to facilitate the mandated objectives while at the same time finding vehicles to maintain adequate levels of employee satisfaction and productivity in order to facilitate the ability to service their respective consumer base. It is the purpose of this paper to re-examine the fictional organization created in the week number four Culture Case Study I, and determine the means to facilitate a redesign in workforce brought on by a mandated reduction in work force. This paper will examine the concept of the universal worker as part of the proposed redesign, with further evaluation of the communications and organizational process that will have to be implemented in order to facilitate successful achievement of administrative goals and employee adoption of their new roles. Case Study In an attempt to achieve increased cost containment, six months after the merger of Charles Drew and Florence Nightingale Hospitals, the managerial hierarchy has proposed a significant reduction in workforce. Subsequently, a decision was made that the best way to facilitate continued safe patient care was to redesign the patient care delivery workforce. As recommended by the administration, the initial proposal for redesign was that of the universal worker. As understood, the paradigm of the universal worker would allow remaining employees to be cross trained in different job duties; thus, allowing more flexibility in staffing and personnel assignments (web. Answers. com, 2011). Through examination and implementation of the concepts of the universal worker, along with consideration of other strategies, the thought is that assigning additional duties to remaining personnel would allow continued adequate delivery of many support services. Past experiences in attempt to implement this type of change has proven to be met with resistance by personnel, and difficult to implement when introduced at other organizations; nevertheless, the administration has charged the mid-level management team with successful achievement of the proposed redesign in order to meet organizational objectives. The Change Process When beginning the process of job redesign within this organization, it will be important for those who are responsible for implementation of the change to understand the overall mission and goals of the organization and the global ramification of the change within the institution. It will be important to understand that a change in one area can have either a positive or negative impact on other areas within the organization (Leadership and Motivational Training, 2012). Thus, in viewing the potential upheaval that a reduction in workforce can create, and the subsequent potential for feelings of job insecurity that may be experienced by the remaining workforce, it will be important to allay these fears and allow enhanced empowerment of employees being affected by this process. This can be facilitated through inclusion of employees in the redesign process (i. e. implementation of work teams) and establishment of clear channels of communication within the system. Managing this process of job redesign and change can be successfully implemented through the initiation of a defined process to guide the change and an assigned change leadership team (Resnick, 2012). Through this process not only will the affected employees be allowed to have input to the process that will affect the their individual stake in the organization, they will also have the opportunity to implement substantial and lasting change for the overall system and the culture of then organization. As described by Peter Senge in his postulates regarding organizational culture, this inclusion, empowerment and open communication among those in leadership and front-line employees will work to facilitate what he described as the learning organization and systems thinking (Smith, 2001). Inclusion of work teams into the change process, and the subsequent implementation of the cross training of employees into various departmental roles, the concept of the universal worker among the care provision staff will allow the reshaping of the organization into one that has the flexibility to adapt to the rapid change that may be incurred, and foster an atmosphere of collegiality – where people are continually learning to see the whole together (Smith, 2001). Measuring Processes and Expectations Post Redesign  Once the redesign process has been completed it will be very important to implement measures to review the process of performance and if the predetermined goals of the change are being met. Since employees will potentially be relied on to increase performance and acquire additional employment duties, it will be important to examine how the implementation of change will impact employee satisfaction. It can be said that if an organization can meet the need for a satisfying work environment, then the employee will have a greater propensity to be more motivated and productive. As a consequence the satisfaction will have a greater correlation to improved outcomes and patient satisfaction. Examination of outcomes can be achieved through the â€Å"utilization of the creation of a balanced scoreboard-or dashboard- of the key internal and external measures that provide a comprehensive view of the organizations performance, with as much insight as possible regarding the implication of the change for the future† (Resnick, 2012). Examples of these tools could include utilization of employee satisfaction surveys, provision of strategically placed employee eedback boxes to solicit employee input to parameters for ongoing improvement, and implementation of employee councils to examine how to best meet the needs for improving overall workplace satisfaction and employee morale. With completion of the tools for review of performance, the organization will have a balanced understanding as to how the implementation of the job redesign has impacted organizational goals and desired outcomes -i. e. decreased attrition rates of employees, decreased sick leave utilized, increased patient safety and patient satisfaction scores – (Ugboro, 2006) . Creation of a Learning Organization As the paradigm begins to change in the organization, and implementation of change becomes manifest within the organization, it will be important to foster structures that will provide for a cohesive and well-rounded workforce. As a result, it will be important that all employees have a thorough understanding of what is meant by a learning organization, and how this concept will be imperative e to the ongoing success of current and future change. As described by Peter Senge, the learning organization can be viewed as a structural environment in which the employee is empowered to create the outcomes that they truly desire. In this type of environment, the employee is allowed the room of creativity to redefine not only themselves within their organizational role, but also the organization itself. This paradigm shift differs from the previous downstream constricted organizational structures in that it moves the process for acquiring new organizational traits and skills from learning a means of survival to one that embraces learning that enhances the capacity to create and innovate (Smith, 2001). As such, this paradigm allows progress of the employee to have a greater role in obtaining self-actualization through growth of objectively understanding how change and the end-results of proposed change will affect the organization and the system as a whole. Additionally, it changes the view of management from one of overseer, to one of fostering learning opportunities and helping employees develop systemic understanding (Smith, 2001). In relation to the mandated job restructuring that will take place within this merged organization this change will be facilitated through the creation of interdisciplinary teams of care providers that will comprise the teams that will be responsible for the redesign of the care delivery model. In context of the proposed reduction of staff, it can be assumed that the employees affected by the ensuing change will be instrumental in facilitating this change if allowed to be part of the redesign of priorities and duties. Consequently, with each group bringing their individual and collective spheres of knowledge, there will facilitation of the exchange of ideas, expansion of personal mastery, enhancement of mental models, and a building of a shared vision. All of which are characteristic of the described learning organization. In this case, enactment of the concept to the universal worker will require cross training of employees into potentially new areas of responsibility, or areas in which personal mastery has not been achieved. As such, training can be perceived by employees as a measure of the organizations commitment to them. Subsequently, training is one of the most powerful vehicles for an organization to create change. As stated by Resnick (2012), â€Å"First, it builds alignment to the desired change. Second, it provides individuals with the knowledge and skills to implement the change. Third, it creates the opportunity for cross-functional communication in the implementation of company-wide initiatives†. As this process evolves, management can ensure that continual educational opportunities exist for employees to grow technically and professionally in their respective duties. As these opportunities are allowed, evaluation of individual mastery should be evaluated and opportunities for individual employees to become mentors or resources for fellow employees should be encouraged. By facilitation of this process of collaborative self-management, satisfaction within the process will be enhanced and peer-to-peer sharing can take place. This will allow greater cohesiveness among the teams and a greater sense of inclusion among all team members. As stated by Smith (2001), â€Å"when teams learn together, not only can there be good results for the organization, members will grow more rapidly than could have occurred otherwise†. Measurement of Individual Satisfaction Measurement of individual employee satisfaction can be facilitated through many means. Standard traditional measurement tools could include employee surveys, employee feedback solicitation, and input gained during annual performance reviews. Although these means may allow the management team to gain greater insight to employee satisfaction with change, they are primarily founded in anecdotal response, and may be difficult of quantify. Thus, alternative measurements of satisfaction can be employed. These include monitoring of employee retention rates, review of utilization unscheduled employee leave, and patient provided satisfaction surveys. As indicated by Plowman (2009), â€Å"many studies suggest that the cost of turnover is on-and-a-half times an employee’s salary, when considering recruitment, selection, and training costs. Therefore, to monetarily measure the impacts of reduced turnover, one can calculate the expected cost of replacing employees who chose not to leave as a result of increased employee satisfaction†. Furthermore, enhanced patient satisfaction and outcomes may have a direct correlation to enhanced satisfaction in that increased individual productivity may be a sign of an employee who has taken ownership of his or her role in relation to change. Conclusion In today’s environment of organizational change, and redefining of traditional job functions and roles, it is imperative to create new paradigms within the organizational structure. Along with the changing responsibilities for employees, management must provide the means to promote atmospheres of renewed learning and assist the empowerment of employees in actualizing the larger systemic needs of the organization, and their role in the facilitation of making lasting change. Successful implementation of these concepts, along with meeting the needs for maintaining employee fulfillment and satisfaction will be essential for the economic longevity of all business organizations that provide essential services to the public.

Versaces Men Without Ties :: Versace Image Advertising Essays

Versace's Men Without Ties Men Without Ties (p.25, Hannah) reveals a male figure, athletically built, broad shouldered, narrow-waisted, muscular legged, with one Versace necktie in hand and two tied around the waist. The figure is captured in a dynamically dashing pose, choreographed to show off his muscles, built, vitality and gracefulness. Men Without Ties is one of many nude poses in Versace's Men Without Ties, a portfolio album of his works. Here, Versace puts together a collection of sketches, designs and magazine advertisements, inserted into such avante-gard fashion magazines as Vogue, Elle, Bazaar, etc. for his Mens Wear collection. Here, Versace introduces to the general public, to the passionate collectors of Versace clothes and to those fans with an eye for fashion, his idea and concept of the "New Man," Versace's man without ties. This "man without ties refers directly back to Roman sculptor's Diskobolos a marble copy of Greek's original of c.450BCE . (Diskobolos is one of many surviving Roman copies of Greek sculptures, indicating Greek art and sculptures' prominent and long lasting influence on Roman civilization and society). This heroic- sized statue depicts a nude athlete, a discus thrower at the moment when the discus is swung furthest back, at the very decisive moment just seconds before the discus will be soared into the air (p.114, Robertson). Discus Thrower type sculptures, art and architecture is typical of Greek High Classical and Hellenistic art and concerns. High Classical and Hellenistic art desire to portray healthy and vigorous athletes of ideal physical proportion and beauty, to represent the vigorous, healthy and active Greek individuals and citizens. In this way, sculptures, along with other art mediums and architecture, hope to elevate Greek's victory and to celebrate Greek's triumph of a democratic and enlightened city-state over Persia's imperial forces; Greek civilization over Persia's barbarism; reason over animal passion. Both Man Without Ties and Diskobolos , as mentioned, portray a vigorous, athletic figure, dancing theatrically in dramatic actions and gestures. Whereas Diskobolos is rendered in sculptural, life-size, three-dimensional form, Man Without Ties is rendered in a two-dimensional, black-and-white photograph. Nevertheless, both mediums further express Greek High Classical and Hellenistic arts' concern for a more expressionistic figure, one that conveys and appeals directly to the senses through this lustrous glistening of surfaces and emotions. The action-figures are now able to reach out beyond its "contained" space and into the immediate surrounding environment. The figures now seem to impose themselves forcefully upon the spectator, provoking the viewer's response to the dramatic situations.

Art Appreciation: Romare Bearden

Therefore there is a rose in the painting as well I believe that is symbolizes the young lady worth. It appears someone was giving her a rose to make her feel better. The angel that appears in the painting symbolizes comfort, patience, protection, understanding, and others. Bearden painting symbolizes that the African American struggles were not a Joke. In those times it symbolizes that it was still racism going on ith our culture.We were losing our Jobs, because we had people fighting for our rights, girls that were at the age of twelve had to quit school because they had to help out in their homes. This painting symbolizes a lot of things that was going on in the early and late 1960's. As I said once before that the angel was there for many reasons as in comfort for the struggle, protection from the pain and destruction, understanding that there will be better times, and Jobs. Romare Bearden, Rocket to the Moon, 1971 to me is my favorite painting.It is really a collage fragments bu ild a scene of quiet despair and stoic perservance. You can see in the painting that the rocket is headed to moon; however, while urban life below remains punctuated by a red stop-light. The definition of Stoic is an ancient Greek school of philosophy that asserted that happiness can only be achieved by accepting life's up and downs. In this painting you have a lot of things that symbolizes the African American culture. The black cat represents the black panthers that were a group of an organization ith people who were fghting back for the black people.The picture of Martin Luther King Jr. symbolizes that he was involved in the Civil Rights Movement and he was an activist for the NAACP. I believe that this whole picture symbolizes the Harlem Renaissance that was going on in Harlem, New York. The Harlem Renaissance involves Langston Hughes, the different types of music, different type of dances, and different type of visual arts too. The Harlem Renaissance has brought African America n to Justice to say we have something we can abide to. I believe that the red ight symbolizes to stop the violence and stop the racism.I believe that the green light symbolizes to let's look at situations in a ditterent way than what the way we see them. Bearden makes an ironic statement, placing that we as African American has accomplished and still are making history every day. Bearden use a great visual statement placing America's accomplishments in space alongside the stalled social and economic progress of many urban areas. As I come to my conclusion, Bearden use his visual art to describe the past, present, and future.He symbolizes that in Prevalence of Ritual, Tidings, 1967, there was an angel to protect and comfort the young lady through whatever her case was. The rose symbolizes that she has a destiny and a worth. The present symbolizes that we have angels that surrounds us every day. We as women have rights and have a destiny that can be fulfilled if we Just hold fast to o ur dreams. The future reference is to hope for better days, we have rights to do such as vote, and to visual art to is extinct to express who we are , our success, and where we come from.

Ownership of Two Contrasting Businesses Essay

Asda is the second largest retailer in the UK, and it has been the largest subsidiary of the Wal-Mart family of companies since 1999. The UK’s supermarket sector has also become more competitive. This contest between retailers in the marketplace helps to keep prices down. It also makes sure that organisations always produce and sell the goods that consumers really want. Asda is engaged in food, clothes, electronic and furniture selling. Consumers like price competition, as it means they can buy goods at low prices and save money. Asda is a large national company that makes a profit and it is private as well. Asda has a limited liability which means that they might lose the money they have invested in a business. This company is an incorporated business and it is also a public limited company. The main aims and objectives of Asda are: †¢To provide goods and services that is cheap and affordable to consumers to the public, to reduce the cost †¢To recycling their waste †¢To supporting voluntary services Oxfam is a small not-for-profit organisation and it is a global company because it operates in countries around the world. It is owned by Oxfam Trading Limited Companies and it is in private sector. The main aims and objective of this company are: †¢To Aid third world countries in any way they can †¢To relieve poverty, distress and suffering †¢To educate people about the nature, causes and effects if poverty †¢To campaign for a fairer world †¢To encourage western nations to supply aid to third world countries.

Cuál es el costo de sacar o renovar pasaporte americano

Cul es el costo de sacar o renovar pasaporte americano Lo que cuesta el pasaporte americano depende de una serie de factores, entre los que se encuentra la edad del solicitante, la urgencia de la peticià ³n, si se trata de una renovacià ³n o de sacarlo por primera vez o, incluso, de si se pide conjuntamente con una tarjeta de pasaporte.. Este documento solo lo pueden solicitar los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos, incluidas las personas nacidas en los territorios de la Commonwealth, como por ejemplo, el Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Asimismo, se puede solicitar dentro de Estados Unidos o tambià ©n desde el exterior, a travà ©s de una Embajada o consulado. Es importante resaltar que el  pasaporte americano no se compra ni se vende, es necesario previo a solicitarlo haber adquirido la condicià ³n de estadounidense por nacimiento, naturalizacià ³n, derecho de sangre u otra forma derivada a travà ©s de los padres o adopcià ³n. Por el contrario,  sà ­ es posible comprar la residencia en Estados Unidos, es decir, la tarjeta de residencia a partir de una inversià ³n de ms de medio millà ³n de dà ³lares. Este es un modelo similar pero diferente al que siguen  estos 20 paà ­ses que tiene programas de adquisicià ³n ciudadanà ­a (pasaporte) y/o residencia a cambio de inversià ³n. Algunos son realmente interesantes. A continuacià ³n, un desglose del costo del pasaporte americano, segà ºn cada uno de los diferentes casos.. Costo del pasaporte americano para los ciudadanos de 16 aà ±os o ms Tanto en el caso en el que se solicita por primera vez como tambià ©n cuando se renueva la cuota a pagar $110. Adems, cuando  se trata de sacarlo por primera vez a esa cantidad deben aà ±adir separadamente $25 ms, en concepto de gastos de gestià ³n. Es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como acceptance agent fee. Se tiene que pagar porque un funcionario federal da fe de la firma que se estampa en el pasaporte. Tanto en un caso como en otro si el solicitante quiere, a mayores del pasaporte, obtener una tarjeta de pasaporte deber pagar $30 ms. Estos precios arriba mencionados aplican tanto cuando se solicita el pasaporte en Estados Unidos o en el exterior en la embajada o consulado que corresponda. Todos esos costos son para el caso en los que no hay urgencia para solicitar ese documento y se puede esperar entre 4 y 6 semanas, que es lo que se viene demorando la tramitacià ³n regular. Adems, sà ³lo para los casos en los que el solicitante se encuentre en Estados Unidos podr pedir que la gestià ³n se tramite urgentemente.   Costo del pasaporte americano para los nià ±os menores de16 aà ±os Tanto en los casos en los que se saca por primera vez como en los de renovacià ³n hay que pagar $80 a los que hay que sumar siempre $25 en concepto de gastos de gestià ³n que solo hay que pagar cuando se aplica por primera vez, no al renovar. Si adems se solicitase una tarjeta de pasaporte, aà ±adir $15 al precio. Costo para acelerar los trmites para el pasaporte Si se solicita una gestià ³n de urgencia, pagar otros $60.  Esto aplica tanto en los casos en los que se solicita el pasaporte por primera vez o se renueva. Y no hay distincià ³n de precio segà ºn la edad del solicitante, es decir, pagan igual nià ±os que adultos. Y, adems $12.85 por servicio de mensajerà ­a urgente, si bien este servicio es opcional aunque recomendable. Costo de otros servicios relacionados con el pasaporte Pueden darse las siguientes circunstancias: Cuando el solicitante no encuentra documentos que prueben su ciudadanà ­a: $150 para que el gobierno investigue sobre posibles Reportes Consulares de Nacimientos en el Exterior o posibles pasaportes anteriores.Pasaporte robado o extraviado: $80 si se trata de un menor de 16 aà ±os y $110 para los que han cumplido los 16 o tienen ms edad. No hay que pagar si el solicitante se encuentra en otro paà ­s y su pasaporte ha sido robado o lo han extraviado.Correccià ³n de un error administrativo como equivocacià ³n en nombre o fecha de nacimiento: no hay que pagar.Cambio de nombre: no hay que pagar si el pasaporte actual vigente tiene menos de un aà ±o y se puede documentar legalmente el cambio de nombre (por ejemplo, por acta de matrimonio). Si se solicita un trmite de urgencia, à ©se servicio sà ­ que hay que abonarlo.Segundo pasaporte: $110. Los costos del pasaporte americano siempre se pueden verificar en la pgina del Departamento de Estado. Consejos para el paso de control migratorio y de aduanas Estos son los documentos que pueden utilizar los ciudadanos americanos para ingresar a su paà ­s, es importante estar informado porque aunque el pasaporte siempre se admite en algunos casos es posible que un ciudadano regrese a los Estados Unidos sin necesidad de mostrar el pasaporte. Y recordar que es posible acelerar el paso por el control migratorio cuando se regresa a los Estados Unidos por medio de la participacià ³n en ciertos programas, cada uno con sus propios requisitos. Por ejemplo: Nexus, entre Canad y Estados UnidosSENTRI, paso terrestre o marà ­timo entre Mà ©xico y Estados UnidosY Global Entry y APC para aeropuertos. Doble nacionalidad: quà © pasaporte utilizar en la frontera de Estados Unidos Por à ºltimo, destacar que si un ciudadano americano tiene doble nacionalidad y, por lo tanto, 2 pasaportes, debe tener siempre en cuenta que la ley requiere que el ingreso a Estados Unidos siempre se realice utilizando el pasaporte americano. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Building Sentences With Participial Phrases

Building Sentences With Participial Phrases This exercise will give you a chance to apply the principles of building sentences with participial phrases. Instructions Combine the sentences in each set below into a single clear sentence with at least one participial phrase. Heres an example: I stood on the roof of my apartment building at dawn.I watched the sun rise through gray clouds. Sample combination: Standing on the roof of my apartment building at dawn, I watched the sun rise through gray clouds. If you run into problems while working on this exercise, review the following pages: Introduction to Sentence CombiningIdentifying VerbalsExercise in Adding and Arranging Participial Phrases When youre done, compare your sentences with the sample combinations on page two. Exercise: Building Sentences with Participial Phrases The dishwasher was invented in 1889.The dishwasher was invented by an Indiana housewife.The first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine.I took small sips from a can of Coke.I was sitting on the ground in a shady corner.I was sitting with my back against the wall.I was sitting on the window ledge.The ledge overlooked the narrow street.I watched the children.The children were frolicking in the first snow of the season.The first edition of Infant Care was published by the U.S. Government.The first edition of Infant Care was published in 1914.The first edition of Infant Care recommended the use of peat moss for disposable diapers.The house sat stately upon a hill.The house was gray.The house was weather-worn.The house was surrounded by barren tobacco fields.I washed the windows in a fever of fear.I whipped the squeegee swiftly up and down the glass.I feared that some member of the gang might see me.Goldsmith smiled.He bunched his cheeks like twin rolls of toilet paper.His cheeks were f at.The toilet paper was smooth.The toilet paper was pink. The roaches scurried in and out of the breadbox.The roaches sang chanteys.The roaches sang as they worked.The roaches paused only to thumb their noses.They thumbed their noses jeeringly.They thumbed their noses in my direction.The medieval peasant was distracted by war.The medieval peasant was weakened by malnutrition.The medieval peasant was exhausted by his struggle to earn a living.The medieval peasant was an easy prey for the dreadful Black Death.He eats slowly.He eats steadily.He sucks the sardine oil from his fingers.The sardine oil is rich.He sucks the oil with slow and complete relish. Exercise Answers Here are sample combinations for the 10 sets of sentence-building exercises on page one. Keep in mind that in most cases more than one effective combination is possible. Invented by an Indiana housewife in 1889, the first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine.Sitting on the ground in a shady corner with my back against the wall, I took small sips from a can of Coke.Sitting on the window ledge overlooking the narrow street, I watched the children frolicking in the first snow of the season.Published by the U.S. Government in 1914, the first edition of  Infant Care  recommended the use of peat moss for disposable diapers.The gray, weather-worn house sat stately upon a hill surrounded by barren tobacco fields.Fearing that some member of the gang might see me, I washed the windows in a fever of fear, whipping the squeegee swiftly up and down the glass.Goldsmith smiled, bunching his fat cheeks like twin rolls of smooth pink toilet paper.(Nathanael West,  Miss Lonelyhearts)The roaches scurried in and out of the breadbox, singing chanteys as they worked and pausing only to thumb their noses jeeringly in my direction.(S. J. Perelman,  The Rising Gor ge)The medieval peasant- distracted by war, weakened by malnutrition, exhausted by his struggle to earn a living- was an easy prey for the dreaded Black Death. He eats slowly, steadily, sucking the rich sardine oil from his fingers with slow and complete relish.

The impact of Brand Extension on Brand Personality. Caterpillar and Dissertation

The impact of Brand Extension on Brand Personality. Caterpillar and Burger King - Dissertation Example of Brand Extension of Burger King 34 Table 2: Success of Brand Extension of Caterpillar 35 Table 3: Model Summary of Burger King 36 Table 4: ANOVA and Coefficient Table of Burger King 36 Table 5: Model Summary of Caterpillar 37 Table 6: ANOVA and Coefficient Table of Caterpillar 38 Table 7: T-Test Table 39 Abstract This research investigates the impact of brand extension on the personality of a brand and for this purpose; two companies are selected to conduct this report. One of the companies is Caterpillar and the other is Burger King. This Impact of brand extension can be either negative or positive and this research test out the positive impact or negative impact of the brand extension of these two brands on their brand personality. The main objective of this research is to find the brand extension impact on the brand personality of Caterpillar and Burger King in such a way that each dimension of brand personality compared with the variable of brand extension. The approach that us ed in this research is Quantitative Approach and data is collected with the help of the Survey Questionnaire. The sample size of the research is 50 and respondents are selected from two areas of London that are Edgere and Wembley. The results are tested with the help of SPSS and Regression analysis. It is concluded from the result that the brand extension has a positive impact on the overall brand personality of the any company. The two companies taken in this research have a positive impact on their brand personality due to their brand extension. Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background The strategy in which companies bring in products to the marketplace, with which they can make use of an existing brand name, is called brand extension. Brand extension of an existing brand has possible... The paper tells that the strategy in which companies bring in products to the marketplace, with which they can make use of an existing brand name, is called brand extension. Brand extension of an existing brand has possible advantages based on customer awareness and opinions concerning the existing product that is sell under that particular brand name as evaluated to introduce a new brand name. Brand extension is a very important brand approach to make the most of the value of brand influence. Brand extensions and brand personalities have become the most essential research areas since 1990 in the field of brand management. We try to tell the effect of the interaction between brand personality and similarity on brand extension evaluations. The customer’s evaluation for the brand determines the success of that brand. The success of the brand is very unsure and unsuccessful brand extensions can harm the parent brand that results in the significant loss of brand equity. The use of well-known brand names for launching the new product is one of the most commonly in use brand strategies. The brand extensions that are successful, depends on the customers perception of fit or similarity between the new extension and the parent brand. The studies reveal the relations between the parent brands and the extension groups: factors that affect the parent brand will affect the extension as well. Similarly, factors that control the extension group will affect the parent brand. Customers-evaluating brand extensions may modify their core values about parent brands, which may lead to a stronger or weaker brand positioning

The Fair Tax should be Implemented in the United States Essay

The Fair Tax should be Implemented in the United States - Essay Example NSBA was the first small business organization to give a pass to fair tax to apply to all consumers’ goods and services at the consumption final point at 23 percent which is single rate and a retail sales tax that is national. The fair tax enhances the fact that there is the same rate of tax without exemptions and exclusion on every taxpayer. There will be a total tax exemption to those who share on the cost of the government. The tax rate is determined and affected by the rate of purchase. To promote reutilization, the used items will not be subject to tax. In goods and services production, the purchase from business to another business will not be taxable. This fair tax will thus act as a replacement on the federal income tax on individuals, tax on capital gains, tax on self employment, and taxation on gifts and the estates. (Kotlikoff and Laurence, 2005). According to congressional report p 20190, the fair tax of 2003 was introduced to promote fairness, freedom, and economi c opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolish the revenue services that are interest, and enacting a sales tax nationally. In another term, the fair tax can commonly be called national sales tax. It is an essential tax reform item and that was unjust to replace it with a tax system that is simple and fairness. 2.0 Explanation of Fair Tax Act The fair tax Act of 2003 would repeal taxation on individual income, taxation on corporations, taxes on capital gains, payroll taxes, taxation on self employment, gifts and Estate taxes in lieu of 23 percent tax on all goods and services final sales. These taxes eradication will bring about simplicity and equality within the US system of taxation. The bill also provides transactions on business to business tax relief. The transactions are not subject t tax on sales including transactions on products and this helps in abrogating double taxation that may arise. Under the bill of fair tax, Medicare benefits and social security would not be touched. To either one of the vital programs, there would be no financial reduction. The trust fund revenue source for the two programs would be replaced by sales tax revenue instead of payroll tax revenue. (United State Congress et al, 2007 p 225) According to Tomlinson Shelly-Ann, (2007), the fair tax act proposed that American would receive a check on money rebate that is equal to spending up to the federal poverty level according to the Department of health and Human guidelines. After the purchase of necessity, the rebate would ensure no American pays taxes. The fair tax act will create fairness and a simpler taxation system and allows all Americans the freedom to determine their own priories and opportunities. The amounts of rebate calculations are adjusted to the inflation account. In order for household to become eligible for the rebate, they would register only once in every year with the authority that administers sales tax. The name together with the social se curity number is submitted by the member of the household. The funds are either a submitted by check via US Email, Electronic fund transfer, or a smartcard which is used like a credit card of a bank by administration of the social securit

Age Factor in Learning a Secnd Language ( The Critical Period Research Paper

Age Factor in Learning a Secnd Language ( The Critical Period Hypothesis) - Research Paper Example The paper also includes a detailed section which analyses the findings and presents a fair view of the scenario and the issues that dominate this particular branch of linguistic research. Adults are regarded to exceed in virtually every field of learning, on account of the presence of highly developed cognitive skills, as compared to children. However, with regard to language learning, children seem to have a better edge. There are innumerable instances where children have been able to learn a second language faster than adults and achieve native-like expertise, while in case of adults such a competence is rarely observed. It is on account of this very reason that issue regarding the existence of a certain sensitive / critical period of learning exists among individuals which fosters language development. Researchers and academic scholars as well as general observers have noted that children – up to a certain age, have a better grasp of learning languages – both native as well as foreign / second language, than their adult counterparts. During this period their language learning skills are heightened and once this period lapses, their skills begin to fa de, and acquiring native-like proficiency in language learning becomes all the more difficult, beyond a certain age. However there are several criticisms and contradictory views offered by others. In response to the critical period for language learning, certain researchers have opposed the hypothesis, stating that native-like skills can be found in certain adult learners with regard to second language. Yet another group of researchers have stated that over and above the critical period of language learning, there are other factors which also play an important role in learning a language a second language. These include sociological, psychological as well as physiological factors. This paper analyzes, explores and investigates